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Linguagens de programação hoje no mundo (janeiro/2016): as mais empregadas
- by liciomaciel
tiobe.com/tpci.htm
TIOBE Index for January 2016
January Headline: Java is TIOBE's Programming Language of 2015!
Java has won the TIOBE Index programming language award of the year. This is because Java has the largest increase in popularity in one year time (+5.94%). Java leaves runner ups Visual Basic.NET (+1.51%) and Python (+1.24%) far behind. At first sight, it might seem surprising that an old language like Java wins this award. Especially if you take into consideration that Java won the same award exactly 10 years ago. On second thought, Java is currently number one in the enterprise back-end market and number one in the still growing mobile application development market (Android). Moreover, Java has become a language that integrates modern language features such as lambda expressions and streams. The future looks bright for Java.
Java's rise goes hand in hand with Objective-C's decline (-5.88%). Apple's announcement to replace Objective-C by Swift some time ago was the main cause of this fall. It was expected that Swift would gain as much popularity as Objective-C left behind, but that doesn't appear to be the case. This is also observed in practice: TIOBE's customers are not eagerly migrating to Swift yet. Apart from Objective-C, PHP (-1.08%) and Oracle's PL/SQL (-1.00%) also lost ground in 2015. Other interesting changes are: Groovy (from #82 to #17), Erlang (from #89 to #35), Haskell (from #96 to #39) and Rust (from #126 to #47), whereas Go, Hack and Clojure are about to enter the top 50.
So what is the outlook for 2016? I expect that Java, PHP (with the new 7 release), JavaScript and Swift will be the top 10 winners for 2016. Scala might gain a permanent top 20 position, whereas Rust, Clojure, Julia and TypeScript will also move up considerably in the chart.
The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings. It is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.
The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.
Jan 2016
Jan 2015
Change
Programming Language
Ratings
Change
1
2
21.465%
+5.94%
2
1
C
16.036%
-0.67%
3
4
C++
6.914%
+0.21%
4
5
C#
4.707%
-0.34%
5
8
Python
3.854%
+1.24%
6
6
PHP
2.706%
-1.08%
7
16
Visual Basic .NET
2.582%
+1.51%
8
7
JavaScript
2.565%
-0.71%
9
14
Assembly language
2.095%
+0.92%
10
15
Ruby
2.047%
+0.92%
11
9
Perl
1.841%
-0.42%
12
20
Delphi/Object Pascal
1.786%
+0.95%
13
17
Visual Basic
1.684%
+0.61%
14
25
Swift
1.363%
+0.62%
15
11
MATLAB
1.228%
-0.16%
16
30
Pascal
1.194%
+0.52%
17
82
Groovy
1.182%
+1.07%
18
3
Objective-C
1.074%
-5.88%
19
18
R
1.054%
+0.01%
20
10
PL/SQL
1.016%
-1.00%
Created with Highcharts 4.2.1Ratings (%)20022004200620082010201220142016051015202530Friday, Dec 31, 2004● C: 20.709%TIOBE Programming Community IndexSource: http://www.tiobe.com
Java
C
C++
C#
Python
PHP
Visual Basic .NET
JavaScript
Assembly language
Ruby
Other programming languages
The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com. Please also check the overview of all programming languages that we monitor.
Position
Programming Language
Ratings
21
D
1.015%
22
SAS
0.968%
23
COBOL
0.873%
24
Fortran
0.853%
25
ABAP
0.808%
26
Dart
0.771%
27
Lisp
0.698%
28
Ada
0.661%
29
Scratch
0.567%
30
Scala
0.554%
31
Lua
0.517%
32
Prolog
0.491%
33
Transact-SQL
0.444%
34
Logo
0.381%
35
Erlang
0.352%
36
RPG (OS/400)
0.346%
37
LabVIEW
0.295%
38
F#
0.295%
39
Haskell
0.288%
40
Ladder Logic
0.235%
41
Apex
0.216%
42
Scheme
0.213%
43
(Visual) FoxPro
0.202%
44
VBScript
0.199%
45
Awk
0.194%
46
ML
0.189%
47
Rust
0.187%
48
Bash
0.185%
49
Alice
0.185%
50
ActionScript
0.174%
The Next 50 Programming Languages
The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).
ABC, APL, AutoLISP, BBC BASIC, bc, Bourne shell, C shell, CFML, CL (OS/400), Clojure, Common Lisp, cT, Elixir, Emacs Lisp, EXEC, Forth, Go, Hack, Icon, IDL, Inform, INTERCAL, Io, J, J#, Julia, Korn shell, Mathematica, Mercury, Modula-2, MQL4, MS-DOS batch, NATURAL, NXT-G, OCaml, OpenCL, OpenEdge ABL, Oz, PL/I, PowerShell, Programming Without Coding Technology, Pure Data, Q, Smalltalk, Standard ML, Stata, Tcl, thinBasic, Verilog, VHDL
This Month's Changes in the Index
This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:
There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient.
Very Long Term History
To see the bigger picture, please find the positions of the top 10 programming languages of many years back. Please note that these are average positions for a period of 12 months.
Programming Language
2016
2011
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
Java
1
1
2
3
30
-
-
C
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
C++
3
3
3
2
2
2
8
C#
4
5
6
10
-
-
-
Python
5
6
7
25
13
-
-
PHP
6
4
4
20
-
-
-
JavaScript
7
10
9
8
32
-
-
Visual Basic .NET
8
192
-
-
-
-
-
Objective-C
9
8
42
-
-
-
-
Perl
10
7
5
4
3
17
-
Ada
26
22
16
17
4
9
3
Lisp
28
14
13
19
6
3
2
Programming Language Hall of Fame
The hall of fame listing all "Programming Language of the Year" award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.
Year
Winner
2015
Java 2014
JavaScript 2013
Transact-SQL 2012
Objective-C 2011
Objective-C 2010
Python 2009
Go 2008
C 2007
Python 2006
Ruby 2005
Java 2004
PHP 2003
C++ Bugs & Change Requests
This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don't hesitate to send an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.
Apart from "<language> programming", also other queries such as "programming with <language>", "<language> development" and "<language> coding" should be tried out.
Add queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.
Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.
Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.
Some search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source "www.tiobe.com".
Q: How may I nominate a new language to be added to the TIOBE index?A: If a language meets the criteria of being listed (i.e. it is Turing complete and has an own Wikipedia entry that indicates that it concerns a programming language) and it is sufficiently popular (more than 5,000 hits for +"<language> programming" for Google), then please write an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.
Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages once a month. The data are availabe in comma separated format. Please contact sales@tiobe.com for more information.
Q: Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection twice. If you take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a new search term that is 10% of the original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise 10%. So taking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language. That's why we decided to take the max.
The proper way to solve this is is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give rise to an explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, then you have to perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). So this seems not possible either... If somebody has a solution for this, please let us know.
Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.
Q: Why is YouTube used as a search engine for the TIOBE index?A: First of all, YouTube counts for less than 10% of all ratings, so it has hardly any influence on the index. YouTube has been added as an experiment. It qualified for the TIOBE index because of its high ranking on Alexa. YouTube is a young platform (so an indicator for popularity) and there are quite some lectures, presentations, programming tips and language introductions available on YouTube.
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